UGC NET / JRF

Your complete guide for the UGC NET exam.
Access the detailed syllabus, material, exam pattern, and preparation strategy.

Instructor Vijayakumar P

Vijayakumar P

B.Tech, MBA, UGC-JRF, NET(4), SET(4)

Exam Pattern

The UGC NET exam consists of two papers with a total duration of 3 hours without any break.

Paper 1 (General)

50 Qns

100 Marks

Tests teaching and research aptitude.

Paper 2 (Subject)

100 Qns

200 Marks

Subject-specific questions.

Qualifying Rules & Criteria

1 Minimum Qualifying Marks

Aggregate percentage in both papers combined to be eligible for the merit list.

40% for General / Unreserved Category.

35% for Reserved Categories (OBC, SC, ST, PwD).

2 Merit List & Cut-off

Final selection is based on a subject-wise and category-wise merit list.

Top 6% of candidates (who clear Step 1) qualify for Assistant Professor (NET).

JRF is awarded to the highest-ranking candidates from the NET qualified list, based on available subject slots.

Detailed Syllabus

Refer the syllabus at official UGC NET website.

Paper 1 (Common for All)

General Paper (Teaching and Research Aptitude) (Code 00)

Unit I: Teaching Aptitude
  • Teaching: Concept, Objectives, Levels of teaching (Memory, Understanding and Reflective), Characteristics and basic requirements.
  • Learner’s characteristics: Characteristics of adolescent and adult learners (Academic, Social, Emotional and Cognitive), Individual differences.
  • Factors affecting teaching related to: Teacher, Learner, Support material, Instructional facilities, Learning environment and Institution.
  • Methods of teaching in Institutions of higher learning: Teacher centred vs. Learner centred methods; Off-line vs. On-line methods (Swayam, Swayamprabha, MOOCs etc.).
  • Teaching Support System: Traditional, Modern and ICT based.
  • Evaluation Systems: Elements and Types of evaluation, Evaluation in Choice Based Credit System in Higher education, Computer based testing, Innovations in evaluation systems.

Unit II: Research Aptitude
  • Research: Meaning, Types, and Characteristics, Positivism and Post-positivistic approach to research.
  • Methods of Research: Experimental, Descriptive, Historical, Qualitative and Quantitative methods.
  • Steps of Research.
  • Thesis and Article writing: Format and styles of referencing.
  • Application of ICT in research.
  • Research ethics.

Unit III: Comprehension
  • A passage of text be given. Questions be asked from the passage to be answered.

Unit IV: Communication
  • Communication: Meaning, types and characteristics of communication.
  • Effective communication: Verbal and Non-verbal, Inter-Cultural and group communications, Classroom communication.
  • Barriers to effective communication.
  • Mass-Media and Society.

Unit V: Mathematical Reasoning
  • Types of reasoning.
  • Number series, Letter series, Codes and Relationships.
  • Mathematical Aptitude (Fraction, Time & Distance, Ratio, Proportion and Percentage, Profit and Loss, Interest and Discounting, Averages etc.).

Unit VI: Logical Reasoning
  • Understanding the structure of arguments: argument forms, structure of categorical propositions, Mood and Figure, Formal and Informal fallacies, Uses of language, Connotations and denotations of terms, Classical square of opposition.
  • Evaluating and distinguishing deductive and inductive reasoning.
  • Analogies.
  • Venn diagram: Simple and multiple use for establishing validity of arguments.
  • Indian Logic: Means of knowledge.
  • Pramanas: Pratyaksha (Perception), Anumana (Inference), Upamana (Comparison), Shabda (Verbal testimony), Arthapatti (Implication) and Anupalabddhi (Non-apprehension).
  • Structure and kinds of Anumana (inference), Vyapti (invariable relation), Hetvabhasas (fallacies of inference).

Unit VII: Data Interpretation
  • Sources, acquisition and classification of Data.
  • Quantitative and Qualitative Data.
  • Graphical representation (Bar-chart, Histograms, Pie-chart, Table-chart and Line-chart) and mapping of Data.
  • Data Interpretation.
  • Data and Governance.

Unit VIII: ICT
  • ICT: General abbreviations and terminology.
  • Basics of Internet, Intranet, E-mail, Audio and Video-conferencing.
  • Digital initiatives in higher education.
  • ICT and Governance.

Unit IX: People & Environment
  • Development and environment: Millennium development and Sustainable development goals.
  • Human and environment interaction: Anthropogenic activities and their impacts on environment.
  • Environmental issues: Local, Regional and Global; Air pollution, Water pollution, Soil pollution, Noise pollution, Waste (solid, liquid, biomedical, hazardous, electronic), Climate change and its Socio-Economic and Political dimensions.
  • Impacts of pollutants on human health.
  • Natural and energy resources: Solar, Wind, Soil, Hydro, Geothermal, Biomass, Nuclear and Forests.
  • Natural hazards and disasters: Mitigation strategies.
  • Environmental Protection Act (1986), National Action Plan on Climate Change, International agreements/efforts - Montreal Protocol, Rio Summit, Convention on Biodiversity, Kyoto Protocol, Paris Agreement, International Solar Alliance.

Unit X: Higher Education System
  • Institutions of higher learning and education in ancient India.
  • Evolution of higher learning and research in Post Independence India.
  • Oriental, Conventional and Non-conventional learning programmes in India.
  • Professional, Technical and Skill Based education.
  • Value education and environmental education.
  • Policies, Governance, and Administration.

Paper 2 (Select Your Subject)

Management (Code 17)

Unit I: Management & Managerial Economics
  • Management – Concept, Process, Theories and Approaches, Management Roles and Skills
  • Functions – Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Coordinating and Controlling.
  • Communication – Types, Process and Barriers.
  • Decision Making – Concept, Process, Techniques and Tools
  • Organisation Structure and Design – Types, Authority, Responsibility, Centralisation, Decentralisation and Span of Control
  • Managerial Economics – Concept & Importance
  • Demand analysis – Utility Analysis, Indifference Curve, Elasticity & Forecasting
  • Market Structures – Market Classification & Price Determination
  • National Income – Concept, Types and Measurement
  • Inflation – Concept, Types and Measurement
  • Business Ethics & CSR
  • Ethical Issues & Dilemma
  • Corporate Governance
  • Value Based Organisation

Unit II: OB & Core HRM
  • Organisational Behaviour – Significance & Theories
  • Individual Behaviour – Personality, Perception, Values, Attitude, Learning and Motivation
  • Group Behaviour – Team Building, Leadership, Group Dynamics
  • Interpersonal Behaviour & Transactional Analysis
  • Organizational Culture & Climate
  • Work Force Diversity & Cross Culture Organisational Behaviour
  • Emotions and Stress Management
  • Organisational Justice and Whistle Blowing
  • Human Resource Management – Concept, Perspectives, Influences and Recent Trends
  • Human Resource Planning, Recruitment and Selection, Induction, Training and Development
  • Job Analysis, Job Evaluation and Compensation Management

Unit III: Advanced HRM, OD & IR
  • Strategic Role of Human Resource Management
  • Competency Mapping & Balanced Scoreboard
  • Career Planning and Development
  • Performance Management and Appraisal
  • Organization Development, Change & OD Interventions
  • Talent Management & Skill Development
  • Employee Engagement & Work Life Balance
  • Industrial Relations: Disputes & Grievance Management, Labour Welfare and Social Security
  • Trade Union & Collective Bargaining
  • International Human Resource Management – HR Challenge of International Business
  • Green HRM

Unit IV: Accounting & Financial Management
  • Accounting Principles and Standards, Preparation of Financial Statements
  • Financial Statement Analysis – Ratio Analysis, Funds Flow and Cash Flow Analysis, DuPont Analysis
  • Preparation of Cost Sheet, Marginal Costing, Cost Volume Profit Analysis
  • Standard Costing & Variance Analysis
  • Financial Management, Concept & Functions
  • Capital Structure – Theories, Cost of Capital, Sources and Finance
  • Budgeting and Budgetary Control, Types and Process, Zero base Budgeting
  • Leverages – Operating, Financial and Combined Leverages, EBIT–EPS Analysis, Financial Breakeven Point & Indifference Level.

Unit V: Investment, Corporate Finance & IFM
  • Value & Returns – Time Preference for Money, Valuation of Bonds and Shares, Risk and Returns;
  • Capital Budgeting – Nature of Investment, Evaluation, Comparison of Methods; Risk and Uncertainly Analysis
  • Dividend – Theories and Determination
  • Mergers and Acquisition – Corporate Restructuring, Value Creation, Merger Negotiations, Leveraged Buyouts, Takeover
  • Portfolio Management – CAPM, APT
  • Derivatives – Options, Option Payoffs, Option Pricing, Forward Contracts & Future Contracts
  • Working Capital Management – Determinants, Cash, Inventory, Receivables and Payables Management, Factoring
  • International Financial Management, Foreign exchange market

Unit VI: Strategy & Marketing Foundations
  • Strategic Management – Concept, Process, Decision & Types
  • Strategic Analysis – External Analysis, PEST, Porter’s Approach to industry analysis, Internal Analysis – Resource Based Approach, Value Chain Analysis
  • Strategy Formulation – SWOT Analysis, Corporate Strategy – Growth, Stability, Retrenchment, Integration and Diversification, Business Portfolio Analysis - BCG, GE Business Model, Ansoff’s Product Market Growth Matrix
  • Strategy Implementation – Challenges of Change, Developing Programs
  • Mckinsey 7s Framework
  • Marketing – Concept, Orientation, Trends and Tasks, Customer Value and Satisfaction
  • Market Segmentation, Positioning and Targeting
  • Product and Pricing Decision – Product Mix, Product Life Cycle, New Product development, Pricing – Types and Strategies
  • Place and promotion decision – Marketing channels and value networks, VMS, IMC, Advertising and Sales promotion

Unit VII: Consumer, Branding, SCM & Services
  • Consumer and Industrial Buying Behaviour: Theories and Models of Consumer Behaviour
  • Brand Management – Role of Brands, Brand Equity, Equity Models, Developing a Branding Strategy; Brand Name Decisions, Brand Extensions and Loyalty
  • Logistics and Supply Chain Management, Drivers, Value creation, Supply Chain Design, Designing and Managing Sales Force, Personal Selling
  • Service Marketing – Managing Service Quality and Brands, Marketing Strategies of Service Firms
  • Customer Relationship Marketing – Relationship Building, Strategies, Values and Process
  • Retail Marketing – Recent Trends in India, Types of Retail Outlets.
  • Emerging Trends in Marketing – Concept of e-Marketing, Direct Marketing, Digital Marketing and Green Marketing
  • International Marketing – Entry Mode Decisions, Planning Marketing Mix for International Markets

Unit VIII: Stats, Ops & OR
  • Statistics for Management: Concept, Measures Of Central Tendency and Dispersion, Probability Distribution – Binominal, Poison, Normal and Exponential
  • Data Collection & Questionnaire Design
  • Sampling – Concept, Process and Techniques
  • Hypothesis Testing – Procedure; T, Z, F, Chi-square tests
  • Correlation and Regression Analysis
  • Operations Management – Role and Scope
  • Facility Location and Layout – Site Selection and Analysis, Layout – Design and Process
  • Enterprise Resource Planning – ERP Modules, ERP implementation
  • Scheduling; Loading, Sequencing and Monitoring
  • Quality Management and Statistical Quality Control, Quality Circles, Total Quality Management – KAIZEN, Benchmarking, Six Sigma; ISO 9000 Series Standards
  • Operation Research – Transportation, Queuing Decision Theory, PERT / CPM

Unit IX: International Business & IT
  • International Business – Managing Business in Globalization Era; Theories of International Trade; Balance of payment
  • Foreign Direct Investment – Benefits and Costs
  • Multilateral regulation of Trade and Investment under WTO
  • International Trade Procedures and Documentation; EXIM Policies
  • Role of International Financial Institutions – IMF and World Bank
  • Information Technology – Use of Computers in Management Applications; MIS, DSS
  • Artificial Intelligence and Big Data
  • Data Warehousing, Data Mining and Knowledge Management – Concepts
  • Managing Technological Change

Unit X: Entrepreneurship
  • Entrepreneurship Development – Concept, Types, Theories and Process, Developing Entrepreneurial Competencies
  • Intrapreneurship – Concept and Process
  • Women Entrepreneurship and Rural Entrepreneurship
  • Innovations in Business – Types of Innovations, Creating and Identifying Opportunities, Screening of Business Ideas
  • Business Plan and Feasibility Analysis – Concept and Process of Technical, Market and Financial Analysis
  • Micro and Small Scale Industries in India; Role of Government in Promoting SSI
  • Sickness in Small Industries – Reasons and Rehabilitation
  • Institutional Finance to Small Industries – Financial Institutions, Commercial Banks, Cooperative Banks, Micro Finance.
Commerce (Code 08)

Unit 1: Business Environment and International Business
  • Concepts and elements of business environment: Economic environment- Economic systems, Economic policies(Monetary and fiscal policies); Political environment- Role of government in business; Legal environment- Consumer Protection Act, FEMA; Socio-cultural factors and their influence on business; Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
  • Scope and importance of international business; Globalization and its drivers; Modes of entry into international business
  • Theories of international trade; Government intervention in international trade; Tariff and non-tariff barriers; India’s foreign trade policy
  • Foreign direct investment (FDI) and Foreign portfolio investment (FPI); Types of FDI, Costs and benefits of FDI to home and host countries; Trends in FDI; India’s FDI policy
  • Balance of payments (BOP): Importance and components of BOP
  • Regional Economic Integration: Levels of Regional Economic Integration; Trade creation and diversion effects; Regional Trade Agreements: European Union (EU), ASEAN, SAARC, NAFTA
  • International Economic institutions: IMF, World Bank, UNCTAD
  • World Trade Organisation (WTO): Functions and objectives of WTO; Agriculture Agreement; GATS; TRIPS; TRIMS

Unit 2: Accounting and Auditing
  • Basic accounting principles; concepts and postulates
  • Partnership Accounts: Admission, Retirement, Death, Dissolution and Insolvency of partnership firms
  • Corporate Accounting: Issue, forfeiture and reissue of shares; Liquidation of companies; Acquisition, merger, amalgamation and reconstruction of companies
  • Holding company accounts
  • Cost and Management Accounting: Marginal costing and Break-even analysis; Standard costing; Budgetary control; Process costing; Activity Based Costing (ABC); Costing for decision-making; Life cycle costing, Target costing, Kaizen costing and JIT
  • Financial Statements Analysis: Ratio analysis; Funds flow Analysis; Cash flow analysis
  • Human Resources Accounting; Inflation Accounting; Environmental Accounting
  • Indian Accounting Standards and IFRS
  • Auditing: Independent financial audit; Vouching; Verification ad valuation of assets and liabilities; Audit of financial statements and audit report; Cost audit
  • Recent Trends in Auditing: Management audit; Energy audit; Environment audit; Systems audit; Safety audit

Unit 3: Business Economics
  • Meaning and scope of business economics
  • Objectives of business firms
  • Demand analysis: Law of demand; Elasticity of demand and its measurement; Relationship between AR and MR
  • Consumer behavior: Utility analysis; Indifference curve analysis
  • Law of Variable Proportions: Law of Returns to Scale
  • Theory of cost: Short-run and long-run cost curves
  • Price determination under different market forms: Perfect competition; Monopolistic competition; Oligopoly- Price leadership model; Monopoly; Price discrimination
  • Pricing strategies: Price skimming; Price penetration; Peak load pricing

Unit 4: Business Finance
  • Scope and sources of finance; Lease financing
  • Cost of capital and time value of money
  • Capital structure
  • Capital budgeting decisions: Conventional and scientific techniques of capital budgeting analysis
  • Working capital management; Dividend decision: Theories and policies
  • Risk and return analysis; Asset securitization
  • International monetary system
  • Foreign exchange market; Exchange rate risk and hedging techniques
  • International financial markets and instruments: Euro currency; GDRs; ADRs
  • International arbitrage; Multinational capital budgeting

Unit 5: Business Statistics and Research Methods
  • Measures of central tendency
  • Measures of dispersion
  • Measures of skewness
  • Correlation and regression of two variables
  • Probability: Approaches to probability; Bayes’ theorem
  • Probability distributions: Binomial, poisson and normal distributions
  • Research: Concept and types; Research designs
  • Data: Collection and classification of data
  • Sampling and estimation: Concepts; Methods of sampling - probability and non-probability methods; Sampling distribution; Central limit theorem; Standard error; Statistical estimation
  • Hypothesis testing: z-test; t-test; ANOVA; Chi–square test; Mann-Whitney test (U-test); Kruskal-Wallis test (H-test); Rank correlation test
  • Report writing

Unit 6: Business Management and Human Resource Management
  • Principles and functions of management
  • Organization structure: Formal and informal organizations; Span of control
  • Responsibility and authority: Delegation of authority and decentralization
  • Motivation and leadership: Concept and theories
  • Corporate governance and business ethics
  • Human resource management: Concept, role and functions of HRM; Human resource planning; Recruitment and selection; Training and development; Succession planning
  • Compensation management: Job evaluation; Incentives and fringe benefits
  • Performance appraisal including 360 degree performance appraisal
  • Collective bargaining and workers’ participation in management
  • Personality: Perception; Attitudes; Emotions; Group dynamics; Power and politics; Conflict and negotiation; Stress management
  • Organizational Culture: Organizational development and organizational change

Unit 7: Banking and Financial Institutions
  • Overview of Indian financial system
  • Types of banks: Commercial banks; Regional Rural Banks (RRBs); Foreign banks; Cooperative banks
  • Reserve Bank of India: Functions; Role and monetary policy management
  • Banking sector reforms in India: Basel norms; Risk management; NPA management
  • Financial markets: Money market; Capital market; Government securities market
  • Financial Institutions: Development Finance Institutions (DFIs); Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs); Mutual Funds; Pension Funds
  • Financial Regulators in India
  • Financial sector reforms including financial inclusion
  • Digitisation of banking and other financial services: Internet banking; mobile banking; Digital payments systems
  • Insurance: Types of insurance- Life and Non-life insurance; Risk classification and management; Factors limiting the insurability of risk; Re-insurance; Regulatory framework of insurance- IRDA and its role

Unit 8: Marketing Management
  • Marketing: Concept and approaches; Marketing channels; Marketing mix; Strategic marketing planning; Market segmentation, targeting and positioning
  • Product decisions: Concept; Product line; Product mix decisions; Product life cycle; New product development
  • Pricing decisions: Factors affecting price determination; Pricing policies and strategies
  • Promotion decisions: Role of promotion in marketing; Promotion methods - Advertising; Personal selling; Publicity; Sales promotion tools and techniques; Promotion mix
  • Distribution decisions: Channels of distribution; Channel management
  • Consumer Behaviour; Consumer buying process; factors influencing consumer buying decisions
  • Service marketing
  • Trends in marketing: Social marketing; Online marketing; Green marketing; Direct marketing; Rural marketing; CRM
  • Logistics management

Unit 9: Legal Aspects of Business
  • Indian Contract Act, 1872: Elements of a valid contract; Capacity of parties; Free consent; Discharge of a contract; Breach of contract and remedies against breach; Quasi contracts;
  • Special contracts: Contracts of indemnity and guarantee; contracts of bailment and pledge; Contracts of agency
  • Sale of Goods Act, 1930: Sale and agreement to sell; Doctrine of Caveat Emptor; Rights of unpaid seller and rights of buyer
  • Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881: Types of negotiable instruments; Negotiation and assignment; Dishonour and discharge of negotiable instruments
  • The Companies Act, 2013: Nature and kinds of companies; Company formation; Management, meetings and winding up of a joint stock company
  • Limited Liability Partnership: Structure and procedure of formation of LLP in India
  • The Competition Act, 2002: Objectives and main provisions
  • The Information Technology Act, 2000: Objectives and main provisions; Cyber crimes and penalties
  • The RTI Act, 2005: Objectives and main provisions
  • Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) : Patents, trademarks and copyrights; Emerging issues in intellectual property
  • Goods and Services Tax (GST): Objectives and main provisions; Benefits of GST; Implementation mechanism; Working of dual GST

Unit 10: Income-tax and Corporate Tax Planning
  • Income-tax: Basic concepts; Residential status and tax incidence; Exempted incomes; Agricultural income; Computation of taxable income under various heads; Deductions from Gross total income; Assessment of Individuals; Clubbing of incomes
  • International Taxation: Double taxation and its avoidance mechanism; Transfer pricing
  • Corporate Tax Planning: Concepts and significance of corporate tax planning; Tax avoidance versus tax evasion; Techniques of corporate tax planning; Tax considerations in specific business situations: Make or buy decisions; Own or lease an asset; Retain; Renewal or replacement of asset; Shut down or continue operations
  • Deduction and collection of tax at source; Advance payment of tax; E-filing of income-tax returns
Labour Welfare / PM / IR / LSW / HRM (Code 55)

Unit - I
  • Principles and Practices of Management: Development of management Thought, Contributions of Taylor, Fayol, Mayo, Mary Parker Follett and C.I. Barnard.
  • Behavioural Approach, Systems Approach, Quantitative Approach and Contingency Approach.
  • Function of Management: Planning and Decision Making, Organising, Staffing, Directing, Controlling, Coordinating.

Unit - II
  • Human Resource Management: Conceptual framework, Human Resource Planning, Job Analysis, Recruitment, Selection, Placement, Induction, Training and Development, Performance Management, Job Evaluation, Compensation Management, Employee Benefits and Incentives, Managing Career.
  • New Trends in HRM: Changing environment of HRM and contemporary challenges, Emerging HRM Concepts.

Unit - III
  • Human Resource Development (HRD): Concepts, Assumptions, Values, HRD Mechanisms, Action – research Model, HRD Culture and Climate, HRD Interventions, HR Accounting and Audit, Consultant – client relationship, Knowledge Management, Human Resource Information System.
  • International Human Resource Management (IHRM): Organisational context of IHRM, IHRM and Sustainable Business, Functions of IHRM, Cross – Cultural Studies, Cultural Diversity, Transnational Organisations, IHRM models.

Unit - IV
  • Organisational Behaviour: Concept, Scope, Nature of human behavior, Personality, Perception, Learning, Attitude, Motivation, Interpersonal Behaviour, Group Dynamics, Leadership, Communication, Power and Authority, Stress, Organisational Change and Development.

Unit - V
  • Industrial Relations: Concept, Scope, Evolution, Approaches, Actors and Models, Conflict and cooperation, Bi-partitism, Tri-partitism, Collective Bargaining, Workers’ Participation in Management, Grievance Handling and Disciplinary Action, Code of Conduct, Industrial Relations in changing scenario, Employers’ organisations.
  • Trade Unions: Concepts, Evolution, Problems of trade unions in India, Recognition, The Trade Unions Act, 1926. Emerging role of trade unions in India.

Unit - VI
  • Industrial Disputes: Factors, Forms, Trends, Prevention and Settlement, Role of State and Central Labour Administration, Strikes and Lockouts. The Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act, 1946. The Industrial Disputes Act, 1947.

Unit - VII
  • Labour Legislation:
  • Objectives, Principles, Classification and Evolution. International Labour Organisation, Social Justice and Labour Legislation, Indian Constitution and Labour Laws.
  • The Factories Act, 1948.
  • The Mines Act, 1952.
  • The Inter-state Migrant Workmen (Regulation of employment and conditions of service) Act, 1979.
  • The Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act, 1970.
  • The Building and other Construction workers (Regulation of employment and conditions of service) Act, 1996.
  • The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986.

Unit - VIII
  • Wages:
  • Concept, Types, Factors influencing wages, Wage Theories and Wage Differentials
  • The Minimum Wages Act, 1948.
  • The Payment of Wages Act, 1936.
  • The Payment of Bonus Act, 1965.
  • The Equal Remuneration Act, 1976.
  • The Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972.
  • The Employees’ Provident Fund and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952.

Unit - IX
  • Labour Welfare: Concept, Scope, Types, Theories and Principles, Industrial Health and Hygiene, Industrial Accidents and safety, Occupational Diseases
  • Social Security: Concept and Scope, Social Assistance and Social assurance.

Unit - X
  • Labour Market:
  • Features, Demand and Supply of Labour, Nature and Composition of Indian Labour Force, Unemployment and Underemployment, Types of Labour Market,
  • Characteristics of Indian Labour Market, New Dynamics of Labour Market in India, Economic Systems and Labor Market, Problems of Labour in India.

Strategic Preparation Plan

  1. Step 1: Understand the Syllabus & Pattern

    Thoroughly analyze the detailed syllabus and exam pattern to create a structured study plan. Identify high-weightage topics.

  2. Step 2: Build Conceptual Clarity

    Focus on building a strong foundation for both Paper 1 and Paper 2. Use standard textbooks and our e-books for in-depth understanding.

  3. Step 3: Practice & Mock Tests

    Solve previous year question papers and take regular mock tests to improve speed, accuracy, and time management.